Computer Science and Information Technology

It is quite common to confuse specific terms in this fast-moving field of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence. The above is the same case where the three words are interchanged as pleased.

Now let us get down with three words:

NLP — Natural Language “Processing”
NLU — Natural Language “Understanding”
NLG — Natural Language “Generation”

If I need to say it in a mathematical way it could be said as the combination of NLU and NLG will result in an NLP engine that works.

NLP = NLU + NLG

NLU is the understanding of the meaning of what the user or the input is given means. That is nothing but the understanding of the text given and classifying it into proper intents.

When it comes to natural language, what was written or spoken may not be what was meant. In the most basic terms, NLP looks at what was said, and NLU looks at what was meant. People can say identical things in numerous ways, and they may make mistakes when writing or speaking. They may use the wrong words, write fragmented sentences, and misspell or mispronounce words. NLP can analyze text and speech, performing a wide range of tasks that focus primarily on language structure. However, it will not tell you what was meant or intended by specific language. NLU allows computer applications to infer intent from language even when the written or spoken language is flawed.

DNS (Domain Name System) is just as important as fast content. DNS is what translates your familiar domain name (www.google.com) into an IP address your browser can use (173.194.33.174). This system is fundamental to the performance of your webpage, yet most people don’t fully understand how it works. Therefore, in order to help you better understand the availability and performance of your site, we will be publishing a series of blog articles to shed light on the sometimes complex world of DNS, starting with the basics.

Before the page and any resource on the page are loaded, the DNS must be resolved so the browser can establish a TCP connection to make the HTTP request. In addition, for every external resource referenced by a URL, the DNS resolution must complete the same steps (per unique domain) before the request is made over HTTP. The DNS Resolution process starts when the user types a URL address on the browser and hits Enter. At this point, the browser asks the operating system for a specific page, in this case, google.com.

Step 1: OS Recursive Query to DNS Resolver

Since the operating system doesn’t know where “www.google.com” is, it queries a DNS resolver. The query the OS sends to the DNS Resolver has a special flag that tells it is a “recursive query.” This means that the resolver must complete the recursion and the response must be either an IP address or an error.

For most users, their DNS resolver is provided by their Internet Service Provider (ISP), or they are using an open source alternative such as Google DNS (8.8.8.8) or OpenDNS (208.67.222.222). This can be viewed or changed in your network or router settings. At this point, the resolver goes through a process called recursion to convert the domain name into an IP address.

Step 2: DNS Resolver Iterative Query to the Root Server

The resolver starts by querying one of the root DNS servers for the IP of “www.google.com.” This query does not have the recursive flag and therefore is an “iterative query,” meaning its response must be an address, the location of an authoritative name server, or an error. The root is represented in the hidden trailing “.” at the end of the domain name. Typing this extra “.” is not necessary as your browser automatically adds it.

There are 13 root server clusters named A-M with servers in over 380 locations. They are managed by 12 different organizations that report to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), such as Verisign, who controls the A and J clusters. All of the servers are copies of one master server run by IANA.

Step 3: Root Server Response

These root servers hold the locations of all of the top level domains (TLDs) such as .com, .de, .io, and newer generic TLDs such as .camera.

The root doesn’t have the IP info for “www.google.com,” but it knows that .com might know, so it returns the location of the .com servers. The root responds with a list of the 13 locations of the .com gTLD servers, listed as NS or “name server” records.

Step 4: DNS Resolver Iterative Query to the TLD Server

Next, the resolver queries one of the .com name servers for the location of google.com. Like the Root Servers, each of the TLDs has 4-13 clustered name servers existing in many locations. There are two types of TLDs: country codes (ccTLDs) run by government organizations, and generic (gTLDs). Every gTLD has a different commercial entity responsible for running these servers. In this case, we will be using the gTLD servers controlled by Verisign, who run the .com, .net, .edu, and .gov among gTLDs.

Step 5: TLD Server Response

Each TLD server holds a list of all of the authoritative name servers for each domain in the TLD. For example, each of the 13 .com gTLD servers has a list of all of the name servers for every single .com domain. The .com gTLD server does not have the IP addresses for google.com, but it knows the location of google.com’s name servers. The .com gTLD server responds with a list of all of google.com’s NS records. In this case, Google has four name servers, “ns1.google.com” to “ns4.google.com.”

Step 6: DNS Resolver Iterative Query to the Google.com NS

Finally, the DNS resolver queries one of Google’s name server for the IP of “www.google.com.”

Step 7: Google.com NS Response

This time the queried Name Server knows the IPs and responds with an A or AAAA address record (depending on the query type) for IPv4 and IPv6, respectively.

Step 8: DNS Resolver Response to OS

At this point, the resolver has finished the recursion process and is able to respond to the end user’s operating system with an IP address.

Step 9: Browser Starts TCP Handshake

At this point, the operating system, now in possession of www.google.com’s IP address, provides the IP to the Application (browser), which initiates the TCP connection to start loading the page. For more information on this process, we wrote a blog post on the anatomy of HTTP.

As mentioned earlier, this is worst case scenario in terms of the length of time to complete the resolution. In most cases, if the user has recently accessed URLs of the same domain or other users relying on the same DNS resolver have done such requests, there will be no DNS resolution required, or it will be limited to the query on the local DNS resolver.

The following attributes are encountered in the vast majority of WebApps.

Network intensiveness. A WebApp resides on a network and must serve the needs of a diverse community of clients. The network may enable worldwide access and communication (i.e., the Internet) or more limited access and communication (e.g., a corporate Intranet).

Concurrency. A large number of users may access the WebApp at one
time. In many cases, the patterns of usage among end users will vary greatly.
Unpredictable load. The number of users of the WebApp may vary by
orders of magnitude from day to day. One hundred users may show up on
Monday; 10,000 may use the system on Thursday.

Performance. If a web app user must wait too long (for access, for server-side processing, for client-side formatting and display), he or she may decide to go elsewhere.

Availability. Although expectation of 100 percent availability is unreasonable, users of popular WebApps often demand access on a 24/7/365 basis. Users in Australia or Asia might demand access during times when traditional domestic software applications in North America might be taken off-line for maintenance.

Data-driven. The primary function of many WebApps is to use hypermedia to present text, graphics, audio, and video content to the end user. In addition, WebApps are commonly used to access information that exists on databases that are not an integral part of the Web-based environment (e.g., e-commerce or financial applications).

Content sensitive. The quality and aesthetic nature of content remain an important determinant of the quality of a WebApp.

Continuous evolution. Unlike conventional application software that evolves over a series of planned, chronologically spaced releases, Web applications evolve continuously. It is not unusual for some WebApps (specifically, their content) to be updated on a minute-by-minute schedule or for content to be independently computed for each request.

Immediacy. Although immediacy—the compelling need to get the software to market quickly—is a characteristic of many application domains, WebApps often exhibit a time-to-market that can be a matter of a few days or weeks.

Security. Because web apps are available via network access, it is difficult, if not impossible, to limit the population of end users who may access the application. In order to protect sensitive content and provide secure modes

Hundreds of thousands of computer programs fall into one of the seven broad application domains discussed in the preceding subsection. Some of these are state-of-the-art software—just released to individuals, industry, and government. But other programs are older, in some cases much older.

These older programs—often referred to as legacy software—have been the focus of continuous attention and concern since the 1960s. Dayani-Fard and his colleagues [Day99] describe legacy software in the following way:

Legacy software systems . . . were developed decades ago and have been continually modified to meet changes in business requirements and computing platforms. The proliferation of such systems is causing headaches for large organizations who find them costly to maintain and risky to evolve.

Liu and his colleagues [Liu98] extend this description by noting that “many legacy systems remain supportive of core business functions and are ‘indispensable’ to the business.” Hence, legacy software is characterized by longevity and business criticality.

Unfortunately, there is sometimes one additional characteristic that is present in legacy software—poor quality. Legacy systems sometimes have inextensible designs, convoluted code, poor or nonexistent documentation, test cases and results that were never archived, a poorly managed change history—the list can be quite long. And yet, these systems support “core business functions and are indispensable to the business.” What to do?

The only reasonable answer may be: Do nothing, at least until the legacy system must undergo some significant change. If the legacy software meets the needs of its users and runs reliably, it isn’t broken and does not need to be fixed. However, as time passes, legacy systems often evolve for one or more of the following reasons:

The software must be adapted to meet the needs of new computing environments or technology.
The software must be enhanced to implement new business requirements.
The software must be extended to make it interoperable with other more modern systems or databases.
The software must be re-architected to make it viable within a network environment.

When these modes of evolution occur, a legacy system must be re-engineered so that it remains viable into the future. The goal of modern software engineering is to “devise methodologies that are founded on the notion of evolution”; that is, the notion that software systems continually change, new software systems are built from the old ones, and . . . all must interoperate and cooperate with each other”

Ans: An embedded system is some combination of computer hardware and software, either fixed in capability or programmable, that is specifically designed for a particular function.

OR

It can be defined as “A specialized computer system that is part of a larger system or machine”.

Embedded systems are the ones found in generally immutable machines, such as ATMs, internet kiosks, airport terminal displays, cell phones,or at the screen at McD that displays your order are all examples of embedded systems. Real-time systems are the ones that are designed to provide a result within a specific time-frame. If you are using a touch-screen to order a sandwich from a gas store chain, you don’t want to have to wait 20 seconds for it to display pictures of each of the ingredients. You want it “now”, or at least within a second or two of pushing the button.

Ans: There are five types of task classes:

(i) Periodic and aperiodic tasks
(ii) Sporadic task
(iii) Critical task
(iv) Noncritical task

(1) Periodic task: There are many tasks in real-time systems that are done repetitively. For example, one may wish to monitor the speed altitude and attitude of an aircraft every 100 ms. This sensor information will be used by periodic tasks that control surfaces of the aircraft in order to maintain stability and other desired characteristics. The periodicity of these tasks is known to the designer, and many tasks can be pre-scheduled.

(2) Aperiodic task: There are many other tasks that are aperiodic, that occur occasionally. For instance, when the pilot wishes to execute a turn a large number of subtasks. Associated with that action is self off aperiodic tasks cannot be predicted and sufficient completing power must be held in a reserve to execute them in a timely fashion.

(3) Critical tasks: Critical tasks are those whose timely executions is critical; if deadlines are missed, catastrophes occur. Example include life – support systems and the stability control of aircraft. If critical tasks are executed at a higher frequency then it is absolutely necessary.

(4) Noncritical tasks: Noncritical tasks are real times tasks. As the name implies, they are not critical to the application. However, they do deal with time-varying data and hence they are useless if not completed within a deadline. The goal in scheduling these tasks is to maximize the percentage of jobs successfully executed within their deadlines.

Following are the characteristics of Data in a database:

Shared : Date in a database is shared among different users and applications.
Persistence: Data in a database exist permanently in the sense, the data can live beyond the scope of the process that created it.
Validity/Integrity/Correctness: Data should be correct with respect to the real world entity that they represent.
Security: Data should be protected from unauthorized access.
Consistency: Whenever more than one data element in a database represents related real-world values, the values should be consistent with respect to the relationship.
Non-redundancy: No two data items in a database should represent the same real-world entity.
Independence: The three levels in the schema (internal, conceptual and external) should be independent of each other so that the changes in the schema at one level should not affect the other levels.

Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptós, "hidden", and analýein, "to loosen" or "to untie") is the study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information, without access to the secret information which is normally required to do so. Typically, this involves finding a secret key.

Cryptanalysis can be performed under a number of assumptions about how much can be observed or found out about the system under attack. It it is normally assumed that the general algorithm is known; this is Kerckhoffs' principle of "the enemy knows the system".

There can be many types of attacks and broadly we categorize them as attack models:

Ciphertext-only: the cryptanalyst has access only to a collection of ciphertexts.
Known-plaintext: the attacker has a set of ciphertexts to which he knows the corresponding plaintext.
Chosen-plaintext/chosen-ciphertext: the attacker can get ciphertexts/plaintexts related to an arbitrary set of plaintexts/ciphertexts of his own choosing.

The larger the size of the key space, the more secures a cipher? Justify your answer. key size or key length is the size measured in bits. Keys are used to control the operation of a cipher so that only the correct key can convert encrypted text (cipher text) to plaintext. Many ciphers are based on publicly known algorithms or are open source. A key should therefore be large enough that a brute force attack (possible against any encryption algorithm) is infeasible – i.e., it would take too long to execute to find out the key.
Hence if the key size is larger then the brute force attacker has to try more alternative key for the possibility of finding exact key, this increase the security of encryption.

In the old days, pages were written in two versions:

Netscape Navigator
Microsoft Internet Exploreer

When W3C, was introduced, browsers could not just start using them as doing so would break most existing sites on the web. Browsers introduced two modes to treat new standards compliant sites differently from old legacy sites.

Layout engines in browsers uses three modes:

Quirks mode: In quirks mode, layout emulates nonstandard behavior in Navigator 4 and IE 5. These were needed for websites written before introduction of web standards.
Full standard mode: In this mode, the behavior described is same as described by HTML and CSS specifications. Most of the modern browsers uses full standard mode.
Almost standard Mode: In almost standard mode there is very small number of quirks implementation.

Make sure you put the DOCTYPE right at the beginning of your HTML document. Anything before the DOCTYPE, like a comment or an XML declaration will trigger quirks mode in Internet Explorer 9 and older.

The DOCTYPE as, <!DOCTYPE html>, is the simplest possible, and the one recommended by HTML5. Earlier versions of the HTML standard recommended other variants, but all existing browsers today will use full standards mode for this DOCTYPE, even the dated Internet Explorer 6.

General Questions:

What did you learn yesterday/this week?
What excites or interests you about coding?
What is a recent technical challenge you experienced and how did you solve it?
What UI, Security, Performance, SEO, Maintainability or Technology considerations do you make while building a web application or site?
Talk about your preferred development environment.
Which version control systems are you familiar with?
Can you describe your workflow when you create a web page?
If you have 5 different stylesheets, how would you best integrate them into the site?
Can you describe the difference between progressive enhancement and graceful degradation?
How would you optimize a website's assets/resources?
How many resources will a browser download from a given domain at a time?
- What are the exceptions?
Name 3 ways to decrease page load (perceived or actual load time).
If you jumped on a project and they used tabs and you used spaces, what would you do?
Describe how you would create a simple slideshow page.
If you could master one technology this year, what would it be?
Explain the importance of standards and standards bodies.
What is Flash of Unstyled Content? How do you avoid FOUC?
Explain what ARIA and screenreaders are, and how to make a website accessible.
Explain some of the pros and cons for CSS animations versus JavaScript animations.
What does CORS stand for and what issue does it address?

HTML Questions:

What does a doctype do?
What's the difference between standards mode and quirks mode?
What's the difference between HTML and XHTML?
Are there any problems with serving pages as application/xhtml+xml?
How do you serve a page with content in multiple languages?
What kind of things must you be wary of when design or developing for multilingual sites?
What are data- attributes good for?
Consider HTML5 as an open web platform. What are the building blocks of HTML5?
Describe the difference between a cookie, sessionStorage and localStorage.
Describe the difference between <script>, <script async> and <script defer>.
Why is it generally a good idea to position CSS <link>s between <head></head> and JS <script>s just before</body>? Do you know any exceptions?
What is progressive rendering?
Have you used different HTML templating languages before?

CSS Questions:

What is the difference between classes and ID's in CSS?
What's the difference between "resetting" and "normalizing" CSS? Which would you choose, and why?
Describe Floats and how they work.
Describe z-index and how stacking context is formed.
Describe BFC(Block Formatting Context) and how it works.
What are the various clearing techniques and which is appropriate for what context?
Explain CSS sprites, and how you would implement them on a page or site.
What are your favourite image replacement techniques and which do you use when?
How would you approach fixing browser-specific styling issues?
How do you serve your pages for feature-constrained browsers?
- What techniques/processes do you use?
What are the different ways to visually hide content (and make it available only for screen readers)?
Have you ever used a grid system, and if so, what do you prefer?
Have you used or implemented media queries or mobile specific layouts/CSS?
Are you familiar with styling SVG?
How do you optimize your webpages for print?
What are some of the "gotchas" for writing efficient CSS?
What are the advantages/disadvantages of using CSS preprocessors?
- Describe what you like and dislike about the CSS preprocessors you have used.
How would you implement a web design comp that uses non-standard fonts?
Explain how a browser determines what elements match a CSS selector.
Describe pseudo-elements and discuss what they are used for.
Explain your understanding of the box model and how you would tell the browser in CSS to render your layout in different box models.
What does * { box-sizing: border-box; } do? What are its advantages?
List as many values for the display property that you can remember.
What's the difference between inline and inline-block?
What's the difference between a relative, fixed, absolute and statically positioned element?
The 'C' in CSS stands for Cascading. How is priority determined in assigning styles (a few examples)? How can you use this system to your advantage?
What existing CSS frameworks have you used locally, or in production? How would you change/improve them?
Have you played around with the new CSS Flexbox or Grid specs?
How is responsive design different from adaptive design?
Have you ever worked with retina graphics? If so, when and what techniques did you use?
Is there any reason you'd want to use translate() instead of absolute positioning, or vice-versa? And why?

JS Questions:

Explain event delegation
Explain how this works in JavaScript
Explain how prototypal inheritance works
What do you think of AMD vs CommonJS?
Explain why the following doesn't work as an IIFE: function foo(){ }();.
- What needs to be changed to properly make it an IIFE?
What's the difference between a variable that is: null, undefined or undeclared?
- How would you go about checking for any of these states?
What is a closure, and how/why would you use one?
What's a typical use case for anonymous functions?
How do you organize your code? (module pattern, classical inheritance?)
What's the difference between host objects and native objects?
Difference between: function Person(){}, var person = Person(), and var person = new Person()?
What's the difference between .call and .apply?
Explain Function.prototype.bind.
When would you use document.write()?
What's the difference between feature detection, feature inference, and using the UA string?
Explain AJAX in as much detail as possible.
Explain how JSONP works (and how it's not really AJAX).
Have you ever used JavaScript templating?
- If so, what libraries have you used?
Explain "hoisting".
Describe event bubbling.
What's the difference between an "attribute" and a "property"?
Why is extending built-in JavaScript objects not a good idea?
Difference between document load event and document ready event?
What is the difference between == and ===?
Explain the same-origin policy with regards to JavaScript.
Make this work:

duplicate([1,2,3,4,5]); // [1,2,3,4,5,1,2,3,4,5]

Why is it called a Ternary expression, what does the word "Ternary" indicate?
What is "use strict";? what are the advantages and disadvantages to using it?
Create a for loop that iterates up to 100 while outputting "fizz" at multiples of 3, "buzz" at multiples of 5 and"fizzbuzz" at multiples of 3 and 5
Why is it, in general, a good idea to leave the global scope of a website as-is and never touch it?
Why would you use something like the load event? Does this event have disadvantages? Do you know any alternatives, and why would you use those?
Explain what a single page app is and how to make one SEO-friendly.
What is the extent of your experience with Promises and/or their polyfills?
What are the pros and cons of using Promises instead of callbacks?
What are some of the advantages/disadvantages of writing JavaScript code in a language that compiles to JavaScript?
What tools and techniques do you use debugging JavaScript code?
What language constructions do you use for iterating over object properties and array items?
Explain the difference between mutable and immutable objects.
- What is an example of an immutable object in JavaScript?
- What are the pros and cons of immutability?
- How can you achieve immutability in your own code?
Explain the difference between synchronous and asynchronous functions.
What is event loop?
- What is the difference between call stack and task queue?

Testing Questions:

What are some advantages/disadvantages to testing your code?
What tools would you use to test your code's functionality?
What is the difference between a unit test and a functional/integration test?
What is the purpose of a code style linting tool?

Performance Questions:

What tools would you use to find a performance bug in your code?
What are some ways you may improve your website's scrolling performance?
Explain the difference between layout, painting and compositing.

Network Questions:

Traditionally, why has it been better to serve site assets from multiple domains?
Do your best to describe the process from the time you type in a website's URL to it finishing loading on your screen.
What are the differences between Long-Polling, Websockets and Server-Sent Events?
Explain the following request and response headers:
- Diff. between Expires, Date, Age and If-Modified-...
- Do Not Track
- Cache-Control
- Transfer-Encoding
- ETag
- X-Frame-Options
What are HTTP actions? List all HTTP actions that you know, and explain them.
What techniques do you use to increase availiability of your website?

Cyclomatic complexity is a software metric that measure the logical strength of the program. It was developed by Thomas J. McCabe. Cyclomatic complexity is calculated by using the control flow graph of the program. In the flow graph, nodes are represented by circle. Areas bounded by edges and nodes are called regions. When counting regions, we also include the area outside the graph as a region.

Complexity is computed in one of three ways:

The total number of regions of the flow graph.

By using the formula defined as:

V(G) = E - N + 2

Cyclomatic complexity, V(G), for a flow graph, G, is also defined as

V(G) = P + 1 ,where P is the number of predicate nodes contained in the flow graph G.

Note: Nodes that contain a condition is called a predicate node and is characterized by two or more edges originating from it.

Usability testing is a testing methodology where the end customer is asked to use the software to see if the product is easy to use, to see the customer's perception and task time. The best way to finalize the customer point of view for usability is by using prototype or mock-up software during the initial stages. By giving the customer the prototype before the development start-up we confirm that we are not missing anything from the user point of view.

Black box testing is a testing strategy based solely on requirements and specifications. Black box testing requires no knowledge of internal paths, structures, or implementation of the software being tested.

White box testing is a testing strategy based on internal paths, code structures, and implementation of the software being tested. White box testing generally requires detailed programming skills.

There is one more type of testing called gray box testing. In this we look into the "box" being tested just long enough to understand how it has been implemented. Then we close up the box and use our knowledge to choose more effective black box tests.

The definition of Exploratory Testing is “simultaneous test design and execution” against an application. This means that the tester uses her domain knowledge and testing experience to predict where and under what conditions the system might behave unexpectedly. As the tester starts exploring the system, new test design ideas are thought of on the fly and executed against the software under test.

On an exploratory testing session, the tester executes a chain of actions against the system, each action depends on the result of the previous action, hence the outcome of the result of the actions could influence what the tester does next, therefore the test sessions are not identical.

This is in contrast to Scripted Testing where tests are designed beforehand using the requirements or design documents, usually before the system is ready and execute those exact same steps against the system in another time.

Exploratory Testing is usually performed as the product is evolving (agile) or as a final check before the software is released. It is a complimentary activity to automated regression testing.

Test Techniques are primarily used for two purposes: a) To help identify defects, b) To reduce the number of test cases.

Equivalence partitioning is mainly used to reduce number of test cases by identifying different sets of data that are not the same and only executing one test from each set of data

Boundary Value Analysis is used to check the behaviour of the system at the boundaries of allowed data.

State Transition Testing is used to validate allowed and disallowed states and transitions from one state to another by various input data

Pair-wise or All Pairs Testing is a very powerful test technique and is mainly used to reduce the number of test cases while increasing the coverage of feature combinations.

This is a very common software testing interview question and the aim is to see how broad you can think about the feature. Most interviewees start with the obvious answer of checking input fields with positive and negative values, invalid email, valid email but incorrect password, sql injection, etc. But most of these tests can be done and should be done by the developers as part of integration testing.

Here the focus is on testing at system level, tests which cannot be done without a full integrated system.

Answer: Possible answers to this testing interview question can be:

Sign in with valid login, Close browser and reopen and see whether you are still logged in or not.

Session management is important – how do we keep track of logged in users, is it via cookies or web sessions?

Sign in, then logout and then go back to the login page to see if you are truly logged out.

Login, then go back to the same page, do you see the login screen again?

Sign in from one browser, then open another browser to see if you need to sign in again?

Login, change password, and then logout, then see if you can login again with the old password.

The answer to this question is rather simple. At first instance, we need to know where the data is coming from. Are they coming from a database? Or some XML files from 3rd party websites?

Once we have this information, we can start comparing the results we see on the result page with the results from the source, e.g. database.

Another option is to use mocks to generate the data that we need so we can fully control the data that we see on the search results page.

What is Acceptance Testing?
Testing conducted to enable a user/customer to determine whether to accept a software product.Normally performed to validate the software meets a set of agreed acceptance criteria.

What is Accessibility Testing?
Verifying a product is accessible to the people having disabilities (deaf, blind, mentally disabled etc.).

What is Adhoc Testing?
A testing phase where the tester tries to ‘break’ the system by randomly trying the system’s functionality. Can include negative testing as well. See also Monkey Testing.

What is Agile Testing?
Testing practice for projects using agile methodologies, treating development as the customer of testing and emphasizing a test-first design paradigm. See also Test Driven Development.

What is Application Programming Interface (API)?
A formalized set of software calls and routines that can be referenced by an application program in order to access supporting system or network services.

What is Automated Testing?
Testing employing software tools which execute tests without manual intervention. Can be applied in GUI, performance, API, etc. testing. The use of software to control the execution of tests, the comparison of actual outcomes to predicted outcomes, the setting up of test preconditions, and other test control and test reporting functions.

What is Beta Testing?
Testing of a release of a software product conducted by customers.

What is Black Box Testing?
Testing based on an analysis of the specification of a piece of software without reference to its internal workings. The goal is to test how well the component conforms to the published requirements for the component.

What is Bottom Up Testing?
An approach to integration testing where the lowest level components are tested first, then used to facilitate the testing of higher level components. The process is repeated until the component at the top of the hierarchy is tested.

#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
    char line[150];
    int i,v,c,ch,d,s,o;
    o=v=c=ch=d=s=0;
    printf("Enter a line of string:\n");
    gets(line);
    for(i=0;line[i]!='\0';++i)
    {
        if(line[i]=='a' || line[i]=='e' || line[i]=='i' || line[i]=='o' || line[i]=='u' || line[i]=='A' || line[i]=='E' || line[i]=='I' || line[i]=='O' || line[i]=='U')
            ++v;
        else if((line[i]>='a'&& line[i]<='z') || (line[i]>='A'&& line[i]<='Z'))
            ++c;
        else if(line[i]>='0'&&c<='9')
            ++d;
        else if (line[i]==' ')
            ++s;
    }
    printf("Vowels: %d",v);
    printf("\nConsonants: %d",c);
    printf("\nDigits: %d",d);
    printf("\nWhite spaces: %d",s);
    return 0;
}

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